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Precision Software Appli…tions Silver Collection 1
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Precision Software Applications Silver Collection Volume One (PSM) (1993).iso
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CHAP13.TXT
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CHAPTER 13 - Complete sample programs
Prior to this point, this tutorial has given you many
example programs illustrating a point of some kind, but
these have all been "nonsense" programs as far as being
useful. It would be a disservice to you to simply quit with
only program fragments to study so the following programs
are offered to you as examples of good Pascal programming
practice. They are useful programs, but they are still
short enough to easily grasp their meaning. We will discuss
them one at a time.
AMORTIZATION TABLE GENERATOR
This is not one program, but five. Each one is an
improvement on the previous one, and the series is intended
to give you an idea of program development.
AMORT1 - This is the bare outline of the amortization
program. Although it is an operating program, it
doesn't do very much. After some thought and
planning, the main program was written to allow for
an initialization, then an annual repeating loop.
The annual loop would require a header, a monthly
calculation, and an annual balance. Finally, a
procedure was outlined for each of these functions
with a minimum of calculations in each procedure.
This program can be compiled and run to see that it
does do something for each month and for each year.
It has a major problem because it does not stop when
the loan is payed off but keeps going to the end of
that year. The primary structure is complete.
AMORT2 - This is an improvement over AMORT1. The monthly
calculations are correct but the final payment is
still incorrectly done. Notice that for ease of
testing, the loan variables are simply defined as
constants in the initialize procedure. To make the
procedures easier to find, comments with asterisks
were added. This program is nearly usable. Compile
and run it.
AMORT3 - Now we calculate the final payment correctly and we
have a correct annual header with column headings.
We have introduced a new variable to be used for an
annual interest accumulation. This is neat to have
at income tax time. This program can also be
compiled and run.
AMORT4 - This program does nearly everything we would like
it to do. All of the information needed to build the
table for any loan is now read in from the keyboard,
greatly adding to the flexibility. After the
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CHAPTER 13 - Complete sample programs
information is available, the monthly payment is
calculated in the newly added procedure
"calculate_payment". The annual header has a new
line added to include the original loan amount and
the interest rate in the information. Compile and
run this program to see its operation.
AMORT5 - The only additional feature in this program is the
addition of a printout of the results. Examining the
program, you will notice that many of the output
statements are duplicated with the "lst" included
for the device selection. Compile and run this
program, but be sure to turn your printer on to get
a printout of the amortization table you ask for.
TOP DOWN PROGRAMMING
The preceding example is an example of a top-down
approach to programming. This is where the overall task is
outlined, and the details are added in whatever fashion
makes sense to the designer. The opposite is a bottom-up
programming effort, in which the heart of the problem is
defined and the rest of the program is built up around it.
In this case, the monthly payment schedule would probably be
a starting point and the remainder of the program slowly
built up around it. Use whichever method works best for
you.
The final program AMORT5 is by no means a program which
can never be improved upon. Many improvements can be
thought of. These will be exercises for you if you so
desire.
1. In the data input section, ask if a printout is desired,
and only print if it was requested. This would involve
defining a new variable and IF statements controlling
all write statements with "lst" as a device selector.
2. Format the printout with a formfeed every three years to
cause a neater printout. The program presently prints
data right across the paper folds with no regard to the
top of page.
3. Modify the program to include semimonthly payments.
Payments twice a month are becoming popular, but this
program cannot handle them.
4. Instead of listing the months as numbers, put in a CASE
statement to cause the months to be printed out as three
letter names. Or include the day of the month when the
payment is due also.
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CHAPTER 13 - Complete sample programs
5. Any other modification you can think up. The more you
modify this and other programs, the more experience and
confidence you will gain.
LIST, to list your Pascal programs
LIST is a very useful program that you can use to list
your Pascal programs on the printer. It can only be
compiled with TURBO Pascal because it uses TURBO extensions.
The two extensions it uses are the STRING type variable and
the ABSOLUTE type variable. The ABSOLUTE variable in line
13 and the coding in the "initialize" procedure is an
example of how you can read in the parameters given on the
command line. For example, to use this program to print out
the last program, you would enter the following at the DOS
prompt LIST AMORT5.PAS. This program reads in the
AMORT5.PAS from the command line and uses it to define the
input file. It should be pointed out that this program
cannot be run from a "compiled in memory" compilation with
the TURBO Pascal compiler. It must be compiled to a COM
file, and you must quit TURBO Pascal in order to run it from
the DOS command level.
The parameter, AMORT5.PAS, is stored at computer memory
location 80(hexadecimal) referred to the present code
segment. If you didn't understand that, don't worry, you
can still find the input parameter in any program using the
method given in the initialize procedure.
If you do not have TURBO Pascal, but you are using MS-
DOS or PC-DOS, you can still use this program because it is
on your disk already compiled as LIST.COM, and can be run
like any other .COM or .EXE program.
LIST2, another listing program
LIST2 is the same as LIST, except that it does not parse
the command line for the filename. Instead, it requests the
desired filename to output, and you input it as user data
after the program begins executing. It is written in
"generic" Pascal and should execute and run with any Pascal
compiler.
TIMEDATE, to get today's time and date
This is a very useful program for those of you using
TURBO Pascal. It interrogates the inner workings of DOS and
gets the present time and date for you, provided you entered
them correctly when you turned your computer on. The
procedure "time_and_date" can be included in any Pascal
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CHAPTER 13 - Complete sample programs
program you write to give you the time and date for your
listings. As an exercise in programming, add the time and
date to the program LIST to improve on its usefulness.
AREAS, an example of menus
This program is not very useful, but it illustrates one
way to handle menus in a Pascal program. You can study the
structure and imagine many ways a menu can be used to
improve the usefulness of your own programs.
OT, The OAKTREE directory program
This program should be very useful to you, especially
if you have a hard disk. It will list the entire contents
of your hard disk (or floppy) in a very easy to read and
easy to use form. The program is documented in OT.DOC, and
is precompiled for you in OT.COM in case you are not using
TURBO Pascal. It uses many of the TURBO Pascal extensions
and will probably not compile with any other Pascal compiler
without extensive modifications.
You will find the program to be a good example of
linked lists because it includes a sort routine using a
dynamically allocated B-TREE and another sorting routine
that uses a dynamically allocated linked list with a
"bubble_sort". These methods are completely defined in
Niklaus Wirth's book, "Algorithms + Data Structures =
Programs", a highly recommended book if you are interested
in advanced programming techniques.
It might also be pointed out that OT.PAS also makes use
of recursive methods for both sorting and handling
subdirectories. It is definitely an example of advanced
programming methods, and it would be a good vehicle for your
personal study.
Most Important - Your own programs
Having completed this tutorial on Pascal, you are well
on your way to becoming a proficient Pascal programmer. The
best way you can improve your skills now is to actually
write Pascal programs. Another way to aid in your building
of skill and confidence is to study other Pascal programs.
Many programming examples can be found in computing
magazines and books. One of the best books available is
"Programming in Pascal" by Peter Grogono, and another is
"Oh! Pascal!" by Doug Cooper and Michael Clancy.
Happy programming.
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